Literature Review Relational Dialectics & Long Distance Relationships

Question: Portray about the Relational Dialectics and Long Distance? Answer: Presentation The affiliations that fuse connections including significant distance will in general go to be progressively steady because of present headways in the advancement of correspondence. The friends, kinsfolks, and dears who lived miles from each other in the past could simply keep in contact through physically created letters and the intermittent call. The development in correspondence is considerably more progressed than back then. At this moment in excess of 200 and fifty million individuals underwrite the plans of e-interchanges. It is on the grounds that the phones are presently entirely open, moderate to the point of being viewed as a need in the everyday exercises. The utilization of these cell phones has acclimatized and also added to the connections that are significant distance. Furthermore, the utilization and addition of pictures, sentiments, plans, stories, music and perspectives has expanded the quality of these sorts of connections. In the general public, these sorts of rel ationship are turning out to be common and many are presently utilizing the development. In this in such manner that the indication of the sorts of relationship that happen. It is obvious that the connections are noticeable among school going youthful grown-ups who are dating. As indicated by Stafford (2005), they reports that around 25% of students who are tutoring take part in significant distance connections, besides, an estimation of about 75% have occupied with at least one significant distance connections (Stafford, 2005). Then again, Aylor, (2003) shows that 33% of these school going students who are fresher-in the main long periods of their undergrad examines fall in this class. It is on the grounds that various them take part in dating connections without realizing that these kinds of relationship doesn't make them any essential or needed. Sahlstein (2006b) attest that people in significant distance connections have no control of the affiliations associated with the relationship and are in this way inclined to inconveniences socially. It involves interest in bot h time and money starting with one individual then onto the next. The support of significant distance relationship is troublesome and call for penance and assurance by the couple with the goal that they lead an agreeable and inconvenience less relationship (Sahlstein, 2006). The report will examine ate the interest that individuals in significant distance relationship draws in themselves in and their association in correspondence just as how they necessities of the relationship get protected for long haul and enduring inclusion. The Constraints in Long Distance Relationships These sorts of face difficulties and issues all through their course of action, help, and end considering division and various issues. Specialists have made that difficulties can occur for the individual or the relationship (Sahlstein, 2006). These difficulties may go about as responsibilities on correspondence. Duties are not contrasted and stressors in this examination. Anxiety recommends the body's physiological and mental acclimation to stressors (Selye, 1956). Stressors suggest a wide bundle of conditions, occasions, and considerations that trigger the pressure reaction (McCarthy, Lambert, Brack, 1997). While objectives might be bothering in a few cases, they may not generally initiate disquiet, and as such are not indistinct to stressors. In this examination destinations infer confines as well as checks. Goals may confine the correspondence of social partners and may keep or shock them from relating in pined for ways. Responsibilities are arranged as internal and outside. Solit ary affiliations researchers have perceived interior and outer properties and frameworks in two or three lines of examination. For instance, Attridge (1994) sees inside mental (e.g., conclusions or concerns) and outside basic (e.g., monetary or familial issues) in his exchange of obstacles. Other associated models, for example, the Model for Marital Cohesiveness and the Investment Model utilize the internal/outer division to changing degrees (Levinger, 1979; Rusbult, 1983). Kelley (1983) moreover utilizes commensurate capacities as a bit of his appraisal of the sorts of commitments to affiliations. In addition, Baxter and Montgomery (1996) utilize the terms inside and outside to see sorts of anomalies in singular affiliations. This investigation will believe inward necessities to be those that are inside the cutoff purposes of the individual or relationship, and outside solicitations to be those that start from outside the cutoff purposes of the individual or relationship (Baxter Montgomery, 1996). Inside necessities for people in long partition associations may merge mental dysfunctions, sexual presentation or accepted practices, or energized impacts of past affiliations. Singular issues, for example, social wishes and political emotions may likewise oblige the correspondence between an individual and his/her partner. Couples besides make correspondence duties by building restrictions for what might be examined in their relationship, called subject staying away from (Afifi Guerrero, 2000). Two or three subjects are avoided considering how they are viewed as no-no (Baxter Wilmot, 1985). For instance, Baxter and Wilmot report condition of-the-relationship talk as the most relentless immeasurable point with particular less reliable untouchable subjects including additional relationship movement, relationship standards, earlier affiliations, and struggle impelling core interests. Making these incomprehensible concentrations as such drives couples' correspondence. Outer specificati ons for the people in long division associations may combine influences from the relational relationship, for example, frustration from family and partners. Responsibilities and commitments in like way remotely ask the individual (e.g., work or potentially school duties). Trial of outside targets for the relationship solidify laws and guidelines. Guidelines for go, for example, overall IDs and visas, may oblige the relating of couples whose parcel compasses all around. Supports, or need that division, may in like way oblige through convincing how normally the couple talk or visit with one another. Living game plans, for example, conceded or managed conditions, in addition ask visit openings, term and quality. For instance, living with family, in homes or other stand-apart lodging conditions may oblige people to adhere to standards and norms concerning guests. Feeling similarly as they can't dial down just appreciate each other's district obliges their constrained time together. These remarkable minutes together may likewise make couples avoid strife and push aside any conversations that cause weight or battling (Sahlstein, 2006a). Long detachment relationship examination reflects informative necessities; anyway no specific investigation particularly was relied upon to perceive them.2 I will audit this assessment underneath so as to give a tendency of what my people may report as specifications inside their LDDRs. Inside objectives diagramed intertwine social uncertainty, sadness, glorification, and questionable clash. Outside responsibilities explored join relational affiliation, underpins, and constrained inverse time Social shakiness (i.e., requests people may have about their relationship) is one possible solicitation on people's correspondence inside long partition associations. Sahlstein (2006a) found that long partition relationship people required a tendency of conviction or typicality in their affiliations, yet dealing with this might be a test. Social trickiness might be exasperating to people in a submitted relationship. Weakness about the relationship's future might be a wellspring of wretchedness for people in nostalgic affiliations (Berger Bradac, 1982). Ordinary solicitation, for example, 'Where is this relationship going?', 'What are we doing here?', and 'When will the detachment end?' motivate a passionate reaction while examining the specifications of vulnerability about what's to come. Dainton and Aylor (2001) zone how social shortcoming impacts people in long detachment associations; social trickiness in people with a couple inverse contact was fundamentally lower than that of pe ople with no contact. People who saw their long detachment relationship adornments discontinuously all through the division trusted and felt more without question about their relationship than people who didn't see their partner amidst the apportioning. Destruction in people in long division associations may likewise constrain the relationship. Westefeld and Liddell (1982) detailed remarkable ranges in energized encounters of people in long division associations. People in long division associations report more burdensome responses than people in geologically close affiliations (Guldner, 1996). While other examination on expert social associations (Winfield, 1985) and military affiliations (LaGrone, 1978) report comparable outcomes, Guldner's divulgences recommend that the part related indications are not astounding to explicit sorts of long partition associations yet are a reaction to the negative impacts of separation. Crippling can occur at whatever time in the bundle and may proceed for astounding occasions of time (Guldner). Disclosures didn't interface wretchedness and segment factors, suggesting that these distressful feelings may happen when adornments are isolated paying little notification to age, sex, or ethnic foundation . Sentiments of empathy and hopelessness in people may oblige the relationship by suppressing social upkeep and progression. Positive sentiments in long division associations may also oblige the conceivable fate of the relationship in the event that they are inconceivable or envisioned acknowledging glorification, the inclination to depict a relationship or right hand

Pollution in Dhaka City Essays

Contamination in Dhaka City Essays Contamination in Dhaka City Paper Contamination in Dhaka City Paper Paper Topic: Water contamination Contamination is an unwanted change in the physical, substance or natural qualities of air, water, soil or food that can antagonistically influence the wellbeing, endurance or exercises of human or other living beings. The impacts of water contamination are expansive and influence the earth, yet individuals and creatures too. The contamination in Dacha has arrived at disturbing levels, compromising general wellbeing, biological systems and financial development. 2. 0 OBJECTIVE: The goal of the report is to make mindfulness with respect to the ecological issues in Dacha. The sorts of contamination centered in this task are primarily air contamination, water contamination and commotion contamination. Ordinary we face these contamination in the city some way or the other. The report distinguishes these issues and their hidden causes. Further, it tends to the serious issues made in Dacha city because of contamination and its effect on our group of people yet to come. Air contamination has risen as a significant issue in the city. Darkening of the city air and diminished perceivability can be seen in certain zones now and again even with independent eyes. Scenes of gagging smells and disturbing eyes are normal. The climate of Dacha is tropical with most reduced temperature fluctuating between 54-OFF and most noteworthy between 77-BIBB. During storm (June-August), there is exceptionally high precipitation of precipitation being on the normal more noteworthy than 30 CM for each month.

How To Write An MBA Scholarship Essay Sample

How To Write An MBA Scholarship Essay SampleWhile the world of academia and education may be dominated by an abundance of data, PhDs may find that the task of writing an MBA scholarship essay sample is not too easy. However, this may not be so for most students because they will have to remember a lot of details and information about their respective fields of study.For such students, it may be best to seek out MBA scholarship essay samples that are written by a professor or lecturer. This can be very helpful as well as very helpful in writing an MBA scholarship essay sample because these people have already experienced things in a similar manner and therefore will know how to conduct themselves in a professional manner.Online writing websites also come in handy as these websites offer a number of samples. These samples can help you in figuring out what to write in an essay that will be accepted. You can even ask your tutor or even your professor to check these samples before you wri te the real thing.In addition, there are also many academic writers who are willing to edit your essay before it reaches the editor. In fact, there are many essays that are edited by different editors before it reaches the final version. This means that you can greatly benefit from checking and studying one of these academic writers as well as getting their advice.When looking for MBA scholarship essay samples, you can also make use of the books that are on line. These books are generally much cheaper and can be used by anyone.You can check out online sources as well as the eBooks available and get some guidance on how to write an essay that will stand out and be accepted. If you are looking for an MBA scholarship essay sample, you can also make use of eBooks that are available on line.Withthe way in which you have access to numerous online sources and resources, it is also quite possible for you to use the internet as your study guide. You can also look into books as well as resear ch as to the exact method of writing a good essay.A good approach to take is to be able to review a number of essay samples as well as the skills of those writers. In addition, when you can try different approaches, it can help you in succeeding as well as being able to pick up on the different tactics that will be utilized by various professional writers.

Modernization Theory Of The Post War Years - 1324 Words

In his inaugural speech in 1949, Truman captured the United States’ optimistic sentiment with regards to development following the Second World War. The United States found themselves in a unique position where they had shown their military and technological prowess, were the only victor whose infrastructure had not been damaged by the war and saw themselves as the technological leader of the world and a model to be emulated. Along with growing fears about Cold War tensions and the threat of communism, the domestic post-war environment contributed to the emergence of the predominant American sociological and economic theory of the post-war years: modernization theory. Though many new theories have emerged since the development of modernization theory, of which Walt Whitman Rostow was one of the leading figures, and it has seen fluctuations in its popularity, it has remained a part of the discourse on development to this day. Over the years, it faced harsh criticism, notably fr om the Latin American dependentistas of which Andre Gunder Frank was one of the main voices. This paper will focus on Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth and Andre Gunder Frank’s critique of modernization theory in The Development of Underdevelopment and Sociology of Development. These two authors offer a limited view of the broader debate between modernization and dependency theory in the second half of the twentieth century and thus this paper does not claim to be a comprehensive study of these twoShow MoreRelatedThe World Of World War I1293 Words   |  6 PagesPrior to the beginning of World War I, the world economy was held up by four pillars: the gold standard, free trade, communication and transportation, and capital and labor labor mobility. After facing two world wars and a worldwide economic depression, economists and governments from around the world implemented several development strategies. Some strategists tried to rebuild the order from before World War I in a more flexible and stable way while others bucked the traditional world order allRead M oreAmerican Political Scientist Samuel Huntington1401 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican political scientist Samuel Huntington once pointed out that although modernity breeds stability it is modernization that breeds instability. Many of the world’s greatest economists forecast that China will overtake the United States as the world’s economic powerhouse in the near future. However, that will largely depend on how well the Chinese government can control its modernization both politically and economically. China’s rapid ascension through its distorted economic reforms has underminedRead MoreModernization Theory Of India s Democracy1722 Words   |  7 Pagesincreases the probability that any given society will have democratic politics. Although this theory is widely spread it does not seem to account for all cases, such as India. 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Throughout the interview, we discussed Edgar’s personal experiences with ageism, the physical and psychological effects of agingRead MoreModernization: Afghanistan vs India Essay1845 Words   |  8 PagesSemester Modernization in Afghanistan vs. India The political scientists, economists, philosophers, and other scientists have different views and ideas about development and modernization such as, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Lenin, Baron, and Frank are the different scientist that introduced development theory. Similarly, this paper offers a discussion of modernization theory between two Asian countries; which is Afghanistan modern era duringRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy History2175 Words   |  9 Pagescaused, exacerbated or illuminated by several critical events. Through this lens, the Spanish-American War, Pearl Harbor, the Vietnam War and 9/11 are critical points that added the impetus to shift the cycle of U.S. foreign policy in the other direction. The Spanish-American war paved the way for American Imperialism, illuminating a shift towards interventionist policies. Emerging from post-WWI isolationism, the attack on Pearl Harbor created an immediate national consensus, realigning foreignRead MoreA Study On Norwich Universi ty Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity Application Requirements The Norwich University admissions process is quite simple. Norwich admissions offers looks at high school transcripts to ensure that candidates have completed four years of English, four years of math, three years of laboratory science, three years of social science and two years of a foreign language. Resumes are optional, but they help to introduce the applicant’s interests, activities, sports participation, volunteer work and community leadership history. Admissions

The Lively Art of Writing Chapters 1 and 2 Answers

CHAPTER ONE QUESTIONS: 1) The difference between an opinion and a fact is that an opinion can be used as the main topic of an essay. It is based on partial knowledge of a subject where the writer thinks what seems true. In a fact, however, the statements are based on absolute certainty and can be proven if needed to. Facts cannot be used as an essay topic since no sides exist, meaning no people to persuade. 2) Although facts do not make admirable essay topics, they do provide the needed support for an opinion. If an essay is purely based on personal feelings, nothing is available to prove those emotions. What are needed are strong facts which can show the reader the impartial aspects of the main idea. 3) Opinions may prove a writers†¦show more content†¦It would be ridiculous go against safe driving. E. Although the Responsibilities of Students may seem like a feasible topic, it is actually quite poor since varieties of responsibilities exist and they can mostly be agreed on by everyone. ASSIGNMENTS: 1) Laughter-The best way to waste your day is to go through it without laughter. Apples- The red, green, yellow all taste amazing†¦ but the bruised ones get tossed. Fear- Fear is nothing but more than your brain saying you’re a chicken. Art- Art is a way of life, life resembles this art, but art rarely has to do with life, so look at it- enjoy it- and don’t spend your life trying to understand what the artist never planned in the beginning. Grades- I abhor grades because if a child does his best, thats all that should be asked. Fashions- The fashion’s change faster than the women can seem to put them on. Drag-Racing- Pretty women outside the truck can earn a few bucks, but a pretty woman in the truck†¦ that’s just bad luck. Popularity- Flee popularity, as it always leads to someone grabbing at you heels to bring you down. Shoes- Don’t judge, advise, or change emotions towards someone without walking in their shoes. 2) Laughter: 1-Aside from improving our moods, laughter can reduce stress, help fight infection, and reduce pain. 2- Laughter releases anger, fear, guilt, anxiety and tension as shown through 2012 studies. 3- Laughter burns calories! Yep, don’t go to the gym, justShow MoreRelatedThe Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time by Mark Haddon1540 Words   |  7 Pagesfather tries to stop him. But detection leads to extra challenges for Christopher, because he is autistic. As unbelievable as it seems, I was captivated by this novel, especially because it is not just another story. As I read through the first chapters in prime numbers, I had lack of entertainment towards his character obviously for the reason that he was hard to comprehend, but as I kept up with my reading I became attached to him. 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Philominathan Department of Physics, Sri AVVM Pushpam College, Poondi, Thanjavur – 613 503, Tamilnadu, India V. Chinnathambi Department of Physics, AKGS Arts College, Srivaikundam – 628 619, Tamilnadu, India In this manuscript various components of research are listed and brieï ¬â€šy discussed. The topics considered in this write-up cover a part of the research methodology paper of Master of Philosophy (M.PhilRead More Effective Literacy Strategies for English Language Learners 2648 Words   |  11 Pageslibrary contain books with many languages from many cultures, especially those of the ELLs in the classroom. It is also essential that teachers do not reject student responses as wrong, but rather engage the ELL in discussing how they arrived at their answer (Watts-Taffe Truscott, 2000). Literacy Strategies for ELLs The topic of ELLs and literacy by means of drama and movement was investigated by Rieg and Paquette (2009). They described that acting out stories is a way for ELLs to process and shareRead MoreJane Austen’s Novels and the Contemporary Social and Literary Conventions.12979 Words   |  52 PagesContent Page: Content Page: 2 Introduction 3 3 1.Eighteenth-Century Conduct Literature 4 1.1. The Introduction to Conduct Manuals 4 1.2. Patriarchy in Conduct Literature 4 1.3. The Private Sphere as Woman’s Domain. 5 1.4. Characteristics of ideal female features 6 1.5. Conduct Manuals and the Novels 9 2. Romantic Novels. 11 2.1. Introduction to the Novel. 11 2.2. The Novel of Manners, Sentiment and Emulation. 12 2.3 The Gothic Romance. 13 3. Jane Austen and Her Novels in relationRead MoreThe Awakening Study Guide9992 Words   |  40 PagesThe Awakening Study Guide CHAPTER 1 1. Explain how the parrot and the mockingbird are used to introduce this chapter. They provide disruptive sound images. The parrot is saying, â€Å"Go away! Go away! For Heaven’s sake!† The mockingbird whistles with â€Å"maddening persistence.† 2. Describe Là ©once Pontellier. He appears to be a successful New Orleans businessman. He is neat and orderly in appearance and has an impatient manner. He and his wife, Edna, and their two children are vacationing at Grand IsleRead MoreHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 PagesWriting the Research Paper Handbook and Style Guide English teachers from both Cranston High School East and Cranston High School West prepared this booklet for students learning the fundamentals of research paper writing. Much of the material was gleaned from sources listed on the acknowledgements page. The information chosen is considered suitable to fulfill the instructional needs of the teachers and to facilitate practical use by the students. 1. Topic Selection Topic selectionRead MoreOn Mother-Daughter Relationship in the Women Warrior6552 Words   |  27 PagesOn Mother-daughter relationship in The Woman Warrior 1 Brief introduction of Chinese-American literature in United States(the special focus on mother-daughter relationship in the Chinese-American women writings) From the nineteenth century, Chinese-American literature has been discriminated by the American literature canon. Most early Chinese American works tended to cater for the taste of the white readership. The situation changed till the later half of the twentieth century when

The Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp ) - 1590 Words

2) What are main themes or sectors that are negotiated in the Trans-Pacific Partnership, that are more prone to be subject to industrial groups’ vested interests, and what are ones more prone to be affected by political positioning? Create a table, and justify your distribution of â€Å"affected† themes or sectors, or aspects by reviewing various readings. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is an extensive, proposed trade agreement that â€Å"would strengthen ties between Asia and the Americas, create a new template for the conduct of international trade and investment, and potentially lead to a comprehensive free trade area in the Asia-Pacific† (Petri). The US and potentially 11 partners from both sides of the Pacific region are currently in†¦show more content†¦hopes to achieve this by eradicating tariffs, by creating â€Å"commercially-meaningful market access for U.S. products† exported to TPP nations, and by issuing provisions that confront â€Å"longstanding non-tariff barriers, including import licensing requirements and other restrictions† (USTR). Trade in goods is an industrial group interest because critics suggest that while some American producers and exporters may benefit from easier access to markets in the Pacific region, they may lose from lower-cost competition from other nations (Capital Press). Industry in the United States may suffer due to the opening of the market and new, foreign competitive advantage. Another sector, textiles, is also an industrial group interest because while the US seeks the â€Å"elimination of tariffs on textile and apparel exports to TPP countries† through the TPP, it also threatens to destroy US manufacturing jobs, similarly to the effects of traded goods. Promoters of the TPP argue that the â€Å"yarn forward† rule of origin aspect, which requires that â€Å"textile and apparel products be made using U.S. or other TPP country yarns and fabrics to qualify for the benefits of the agreement, ensure that non-qualifying textiles and apparel from non-TPP countries do not enjoy the benefits reserved for TPP countries† (USTR). They have also proposed a protective measure that will permit the US and other TPP nations to re-impose tariffs on particular goods if a â€Å"surge in imports causes or threatens to causeShow MoreRelatedThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1349 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Passed in October 2015, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is the largest free trade agreement (FTA) to date, comprising nearly 40% of the world’s economy. Countries including the United States, Japan, Canada, Australia, South Korea and Mexico, among others share a common economic characteristic of a gross domestic production exceeding 1 trillion dollars annually. Other developing pacific countries included within the TPP include Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Vietnam, Singapore, Chile, BruneiRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )758 Words   |  4 PagesOctober, 2015 Position Paper The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a proposed trade agreement between twelve Pacific Rim countries concerning a variety of matters of economic policy, about which agreement was reached on 5 October 2015. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership) In 22 September 2008, United State of America joined the agreement. Since then, new countries such as Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru and Vietnam also joined the TPP, bringing the total number ofRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1473 Words   |  6 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a proposed trade agreement between several countries who border the Pacific Ocean, parties to the agreement include: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States and Vietnam. While the main objective of the TPP is to lower barriers to trade, namely by slashing existing tariffs on commonly traded goods, the TPP also addresses environmental conce rns, labor rights, and intellectual property protectionRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )844 Words   |  4 PagesThe Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a controversial agreement between 12 of the world s most powerful countries. This partnership is set to change history not just for America but for the world. The partnership has it eyes set on a cornucopia of issues from: Intellectual Property rights, and tariffs, to collective bargaining rights, and access to affordable medicines. All of these certainly great issues that America and the world face. The Trans Pacific Partnership is a partnership that doesRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp ) Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is an economic free trade agreement currently being negotiated between New Zealand and 11 other Pacific Rim nations (Wyber Perry, 2013). It seeks to reduce trade restrictions including tariffs, create shared guidelines for intellectual property rights, sa nction codes for environmental and labour regulations, and create an investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) system (Fergusson, McMinimy Williams, 2015). The implications of the TPP are immense, encompassingRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a 12-nation Asian-Pacific trade agreement that seeks to increase economic integration among participating nations by lowering barriers to trade, improving trade facilitation and enhancing standards harmonization. Upon completion, the TPP trade area would comprise a region with $28 trillion in economic output, making up around 39 percent of the world’s total output. If the TPP is successfully implemented, tariffs will be removed on almost $2 trillion in goodsRead MoreTrans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1499 Words   |  6 Pagesyears of negotiation, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was finally signed on February 4, 2016. As a large range of goods and services w ill be affected, countries have to consider both pros and cons of the agreement. For Vietnam, despite possible detriments due to IP protection, externalities, the partnership is generally beneficial as it significantly boosts Vietnam’s major export industries and increases the countries’ GDP in a short amount of time. Trans-Pacific Partnership is considered one ofRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )896 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurs across state and international lines making the world’s citizens better off. Free trade is crucial to this improvement in well-being. Unfortunately, all current presidential candidates are against free trade. In particular, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP,) a massive multilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA,) is facing strong opposition. Economists frequently cite the benefits of trade and the importance of free trade between nations. In this fashion, many FTAs have been made in recent historyRead MoreThe Trans Pacific Partnership ( Tpp )1401 Words   |  6 Pagesand the society of the pledged countries. 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Of these issues are unjust intellectual rights laws, hindrance of the

Various Types Of Islamic Are As Banking †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Various Types Of Islamic Are As Banking? Answer: Participatory modes Mudarabah it means the equity finance. This includes a contract among 2 parties, one is the investment manager and other one is the capital owner. Profit is shared between the parties as per the agreed ratio (Iqbal and Molyneux 2016). Musharakha it is also same like Mudarabah with only one difference is that under Mudarabah the profit and loss both are shared at agreed ratio whereas under Musharakha the loss is shared is proportion of capital share. Diminishing partnership this is the contract among the beneficiary and the financeunder which both entered into the partnership to own the specified asset with the attached condition that the financer gradually will sell his share to beneficiary with the agreed schedule and agreed price (Seyed-Javadin et al. 2014). Sales modes Murabahah it is the specific type of sale and by origin it is not a mode of financing. Here the transaction is carried out based on Cost plus Profit and the seller reveal the cost to buyer after adding the profit percentage t arrive at final selling price (Hanif 2014). Istisna it is a contract under which the customer orders the manufacturer or producer for manufacturing a particular commodity to be purchased by him. Salam it is stated as the price is in cash, however, supply of the goods are deferred. Rent based modes Ijarah it actually means giving something on rent. This term is used under two situations (1) employing service of a person in exchange of wage (2) payment of rent for using a property or an asset known as LAND (Erol et al. 2014). Tawaruq for purchasing the commodity on credit and then selling it to the third party at spot on loss with the main objective of getting cash is termed as Tawaruq. Islamic laws on trading As per the Sharia law, the Islamic trusts and institutions cannot invest in the stock market. The basic law under Islamic for all the transaction is legal. Interactional relationship among the men is unlimited irrespective of the fact that it is as per the Sharia or not. Each period and place has its own specific model and form of interactions within themselves that is distinct from other time period and other places. Therefore, it is not practical to limit and confine the interaction to the specific form (Abedifar, Molyneux and Tarazi 2013). Through the basic law for every trading is legal, some reasons are there that can alter the legal state to illegal. Further, as the causes are limited difference to legal trading are in unlimited number. However, various reasons those make the trading unlawful are as follows The trading that contains usury under that The trading that contains ghahar or unclarity Traded commodity that is unlawful or forbidden goods Trading that contains the requirement that may cause unclarity and usury that is to be emerged (Abdul-Rahman 2014). The above mentioned things are most prominent that causes a trading form that is to be unlawful or illegal. List of Islamic bankers in the world Top largest Islamic banks in the world are as follows Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank Al Rajhi Bank Albaraka Banking Group AmIslamic Bank Amlak Finance Arcapita Bank Bank AlBilad Bank Al-Jazira Bank Asya Bank Islam Malaysia Bank Kerjasama Rakyat Malaysia Bank Keshavarzi Bank Maskan Bank Mellat Bank Melli Iran Bank Muamalat Malaysia Bank of Industry and Mine Bank Pasargad Bank Refah Bank Saderat Iran Bank Sepah Bank Tejarat Boubyan Bank CIMB Islamic Bank Dubai Bank Dubai Islamic Bank Emirates Islamic Bank Export Development Bank of Iran Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt Gulf Finance House Investment Dar Islam Brunei Darussalam Islami Bank Bangladesh Ithmaar Bank Kuwait Finance House Kuwait International Bank Kuwait Turkish Participation Bank Masraf Al Rayan Maybank Islamic Noor Islamic Bank Omdurman National Bank Bank Public Islamic Bank Qatar International Islamic Bank Qatar Islamic Bank Shamil Bank of Bahrain Sharjah Islamic Bank Syria International Islamic Bank Tamweel Trkiye Finans Reference Abdul-Rahman, Y., 2014.The Art of RF (Riba-Free) Islamic Banking and Finance: Tools and Techniques for Community-Based Banking. John Wiley Sons. Abedifar, P., Molyneux, P. and Tarazi, A., 2013. Risk in Islamic banking.Review of Finance,17(6), pp.2035-2096. Erol, C., F. Baklaci, H., Aydo?an, B. and Tun, G., 2014. Performance comparison of Islamic (participation) banks and commercial banks in Turkish banking sector.EuroMed Journal of Business,9(2), pp.114-128. Hanif, M., 2014. Differences and similarities in Islamic and conventional banking. Iqbal, M. and Molyneux, P., 2016.Thirty years of Islamic banking: History, performance and prospects. Springer. Seyed-Javadin, S.R., Raei, R., Iravani, M.J. and Safari, M., 2014. Presenting a conceptual model to explain the role of strategic management and planning in Islamic banking competitiveness.International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences,26, pp.46-56.

Organic Products Essay Example

Organic Products Essay Definition of Ecopreneurship The term â€Å"ecopreneur† is derived from two terms which are â€Å"entrepreneur† and â€Å"ecology. An entrepreneur is a person who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods and who accepts the risks associated with them. (Schaper, Michael. 2002) He can be anyone who identifies an opportunity in a market and has a belief that it would succeed in the economy and on that belief he starts exploiting the opportunity. They may create a new organization or may be a part of an existing organization where they revitalize the organization in response to their perceived opportunity. Generally, the word entrepreneur is used to denote a person who starts a new business but with time and more understanding of the subject, the revised definition of an   entrepreneur also includes â€Å"intrapreneurs†, that is an entrepreneur operating within a corporate environment. Entrepreneurs are the strategic factors in economic development and the central factors in the trade cycle as they are the driving force of an economy. Ecology or environmental biology is the branch of biology which takes into consideration the examination of living organisms in the natural environment. It includes the study of individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. (Goliath. 2002). The ecology has reached enormous importance in the last years because of man’s interest in the environment in which he lives and to find ways to protect the environment in order to make it sustainable. The word ecopreneur is a portmanteau of â€Å"ecological† and â€Å"entrepreneur. An ecopreneur is an individual who is focused on ecologically-friendly issues and causes, attempting to do business in a way which benefits the environment. He may not be a person or entity only involved in products like solar powered cells, water conservation system or compostable packaging. In fact, an ecopreneur is anyone who ranks environment more than or equally to profits as his most effective criteria as a business owner (reuters, 2007) . While many entrepreneurs may be motivated, at least in part, to the mantra of â€Å"greed is great† on their journey to becoming a millionaire, growing numbers of ecopreneurs are adopting a different course, focusing on solving the problems facing society through the businesses they create, greening their bottom line. Many are redefining their wealth, as we have, not by the size of their bank account or square footage of their home. Wealth is defined by life’s tangibles: health, wellness, meaningful work, vibrant community life and family. †(John Ivanko. . The main aim of an ecopreneur is to build a firm which is more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Sustainability development is a pattern of resource use such that it not only meets present human needs, but also preserves the environment so that the resource can also be utilized by the future generations. Sustainable business, or green business, is enterprise that has no negative impact on the global or local environment, community, society, or economy—a business that strives to meet the triple bottom line (people, planet and profit). We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Products specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Products specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organic Products specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Often, sustainable businesses have progressive environmental and human rights policies. In general, business is described as green if it matches the following four criteria: * It incorporates principles of sustainability into each of its business decisions. * It supplies environmentally friendly products or services that replace demand for nongreen products and/or services. * It is greener than traditional competition. * It has made an enduring commitment to environmental principles in its business operations. Who is an Ecopreneur An entrepreneur whose business efforts are not only driven by profit, but also by a concern for the environment†. (Schuyler. 1998). The terms such as â€Å"Sustainopreneur†, â€Å"environmental Entrepreneur† and â€Å"eco capitalist† are synonymous with ecopreneur. The characteristics of ecopreneur are: * They all undertake business ventures which involves a measure of risk * They must identify a feasible business opportunity * Th eir activities must have a positive impact on the environment. * The degree of intentionality separates ecopreneur from accidental entrepreneurs. Principles of ecopreneurship There are some basic principles and measurements that can help guide the practice of ecopreneur and provide some basic standards of principle to this emerging group. 1. Energy and Resource Use Efficiency and Maximization: â€Å"In nature, one-way linear flows do not long survive. Nor, by extension, can they long survive in the human economy that is a part of the earths ecosystem. The challenge is to redesign the materials economy so that it is compatible with the ecosystem†. (Lester Brown. Earth Policy Institute). By minimizing waste production and maximizing reuse of waste streams, sustainable business can potentially significantly increase profits. 2. Ecosystem Services: Services related to protection of ecosystem and natural resources and preventing environmental degradation can be an inspiration for a green business idea for ecopreneurs. 3. Natural step principles: Ecopreneurs can see potential risks, such as extinction of substances extracted from the Earth’s crust or overharvesting etc, as opportunities for success through green business. 4. Eco- efficiency and eco-effectiveness: Ecopreneurs should find methods of decreasing waste while increasing productivity such that the waste of the production process and the product itself can be the raw materials of a new product of service. Drivers and Challenges The driving forces behind ecopreneurship are as follows: 1. Global population growth: Ecopreneurs realize that as the resources and land area is limited, so it is their responsibility to ensure that there are enough resources not only to fulfill the needs of the current population which is growing continuously, but also for the future generations. Hence they should find ways to conserve energy, materials, and resources by developing new technologies or finding ways to control birth rate and finding ways to meet the food and shelter demand for the growing population in order to make sustainability possible. 2. Increasing life expectancy: Ecopreneurs value life, not only their own and of family members, but of the whole humanity. They want everyone to live a longer and healthier life, that is why they develop products and ways to increase life expectancy such as healthier food, purified water etc. . Climate change: Climate shapes the way we live on this planet and the way we live, work and play is advertently changing the climate. The pollutants released in the air due to use of fossil fuels is adversely affecting the climate. In order to sustain the climate, ecopreneurs are involved in finding alternate ways to produce energy such as using wind, water and solar energy. 4. Resource scarcity: The diminishing natural resources are a great issue as we will be left with no natural resources if we do not sustain them. In order to sustain them, ecopreneurs constantly look for alternatives by recycling them or using a cheaper, abundantly available resource if possible. 5. Lack of equity in the world: The people of the world are living in a continuum, with one end which has all the facilities of the world including the best quality food, water and home, while on the other end are people who do not even have the basic necessities of life. Ecopreneurs want to make sure that every living being on the world is treated equally so that no one is deprived of anything. That is why they are active members of movements such as WTO and also find ways to produce goods and services affordable by everyone. They are also involved in philanthropic acts such as giving charity donations to help the deprived people of the society (Environlution, 2010). Organic Food as Eco Friendly Product Organic foods are foods that are produced using methods that do not involve modern synthetic inputs such as synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers, do not contain genetically modified organisms, and are not processed using irradiation, industrial solvents, or chemical food additives. For the vast majority of human history, agriculture can be described as organic; only during the 20th century was a large supply of new synthetic chemicals introduced to the food supply. The organic farming movement arose in the 1940s in response to the industrialization of agriculture known as the Green Revolution. Organic food production is a heavily regulated industry, distinct from private gardening. Currently, the European Union, the United States, Canada, Japan and many other countries require producers to obtain special certification in order to market food as organic within their borders. ORGANIC VERSUS CONVENTIONALLY- PRODUCED FOOD Although the attributes associated with organic foods may be difficult to identify by visual inspection alone, most consumers purchase organic products because of a perception that these products have unique (and in some cases superior) attributes compared to conventionally grown alternatives (Vindigni et. al, 2002). On the other hand, a major rea son why some consumers do not purchase organic foods is linked to a perception that such foods are not better than their conventionally produced alternatives (Jolly et al. 1989). There is, thus, a continuing debate about whether organically produced products are superior to and/or different from conventionally produced alternatives and, if so, in terms of what characteristics. * CONSUMER AWARENESS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ORGANIC FOOD The environmental ethic that gained worldwide prominence with Earth Day 1990 placed emphasis on individual responsibility (for personal health) and social action (on environmental quality and animal welfare) (MacEachern 1990; Jolly, 1991). Personal responsibilities include making informed consumer choices. This, in turn, requires consumer knowledge and awareness about competing products. Knowledge and awareness have other direct and indirect effects on attitudes toward consumer products, and the willingness to pay a price premium. Because organic products are credence goods, consumers (unlike producers who are aware that their products are organic) may not know whether a product is produced using organic or conventional methods, not even after repeated purchase and consumption, unless they are told so (Giannakas, 2002). Thus, awareness and knowledge about organically produced foods are critical in the consumer purchase decisions. If an individual cannot clearly differentiate between two alternative products, a price premium on the organic product can confuse and/or affect the individual’s purchasing decision, in favor of the cheaper product. Most studies on consumer knowledge about organic products reflect a conceptual belief that is true and justified. Consequently, studies typically use measurement methods that essentially rely on correctness to answers on survey questionnaire (Hunt, 2003). Correct (or incorrect) responses imply that the respondent has knowledge (or does not have knowledge) about organic foods and products. Hunt (2003) has noted some limitations associated with such a narrow definition of consumer knowledge, and proposed a wider definition and measurement that captures other important, but often neglected, dimensions of knowledge. Studies that investigated the level of consumer awareness and knowledge about organic foods include Jolly et al. (1989), Ekelund (1990), Akgungor et al. 1997), Hutchins and Greenhalgh (1997), Wang et al. (1997), Compagnoni et al. (2000), Environics (2001), Oystein et al. (2001), Kenano? lu and Karahan (2002), Cunningham (2002), Demeritt (2002), Hill and Lynchehaun (2002). A critical review of these studies suggests that, overall, there is some consumer awareness about organic foods around the world. This awareness is high especially in Western Europe, where the organic market is relatively well developed, compared to other reg ions of the world. Consumer awareness of organic products in North America compares reasonably well with that of Western Europe. Although there is general consumer awareness around the world, the literature also suggests that consumers have inconsistent interpretations about what is ‘organic’. For example, in a survey of consumers in three California counties, Jolly et al. (1989) found that respondents associated organic produce with no pesticides, no artificial fertilizer, no growth regulators, and residue-free products. Similarly, survey respondents in the UK perceived ‘organic farming’ to imply absence of chemicals, ‘absence of growth hormones’, and ‘not intensively grown’ or ‘products grown naturally’ (Hutchins and Greenhalgh, 1997). In a more recent study for the UK, respondents described organically produced food as one that is more natural and healthy, compared to conventional food (Hill and Lynchehaun, 2002). Furthermore, there was no difference in the UK consumers’ understanding of â€Å"organic† among organic and non-organic food buyers. In other words, both buyers of organic and non-organic products felt that organic alternatives have no pesticides and/or use no chemical fertilizers, and are natural and healthy. In contrast, Jolly (1991) reported a substantial difference in how US buyers and non-buyers rated organic product quality, compared to conventionally grown products. Consumer knowledge and awareness will continue to be important in the organic food market in two respects. First, there is still a segment of the potential market that is not yet informed about organic foods. For example, in a US study which reported that knowledge and awareness was considered the number one reason why consumers do not buy organic food, 59% respondents indicated that they never considered organic products because they did not know about them (Demeritt, 2002). A second dimension to the knowledge and awareness puzzle is the possibility that those who do not consider organic products may have a general knowledge about them, but do not have enough detailed information to clearly differentiate the unique attributes of organic from conventionally grown alternatives. In summary, knowledge and awareness about organic products can affect attitudes and perceptions about the product and, ultimately, buying decisions. If the skepticism about organic products stemming, in part, from reported cases of mislabeling and fraud are assuaged, perceptions about the appeal and inherent characteristics of organic may translate into actual demand. * CONSUMER ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS Consumers actions regarding organic food stem from attitudes that in turn, are linked to a complex set of ideas, motivations and experiences. Beliefs and perceptions are highly subjective notions (Fishbein and Ajzein, 1975), because they reflect opinions about the objective state of the world. Although in reality such perceptions may or may not be true, the individual who holds the perception thinks that it is true. Given Lancasters (1966) notion that consumers demand bundles of product characteristics, perceptions about particular (desirable) characteristics of organic food can influence a buyers choice. Studies on consumer perceptions about organic versus conventionally produced food therefore attempt to determine what consumers think is true. By comparison, consumer attitudes are likes and dislikes. That is, the positive and negative orientations toward organic or conventionally grown food. Weistberg et al. (1996) argued that consumer preference for a particular product is based on attitudes toward available alternatives. Thus if consumers are asked to indicate their preferences regarding organically versus conventionally produced food, such respondents typically compare their attitudes toward the methods of purchasing the goods, and/or the product characteristics under consideration, before stating their preferences. Although particular attitudes are often assumed to lead to specific behaviors, the food and nutrition science and social-psychological literature provide limited evidence to support the assumption (Goldman and Clancy, 1991; Sims, 1980). Overall, the scholarly literature suggests that various consumer attitudes work in contrasting ways- for and against purchasing organic products. Several consumer studies have been undertaken in North America and Europe to assess consumer perceptions about organic foods (e. g. Hay, 1989; Ott, 1990; Huang et al, 1990, Huang et al, 1993; Misra et al, 1991; Jolly et al, 1989; Jolly, 1991; Goldman and Clancy, 1991; Ekelund, 1990; Baker and Crosbie, 1993; Swanson and Lewis, 1993; Groff et al, 1993; Sylvander, 1993; Buzby and Kees, 1994; Byrne et al, 1994; Fricke and von Alvensleben, 1997; Hack, 1997; Hutchins and Greenlagh, 1997; The Packer, 1998; Thompson and Kidwell, 1998; Oystein et al, 2001, O’Donovan and McCarthy, 2002; Jolly, 2001; The Packer, 2001; Demeritt, 2002; Wolf, 2002; Cunningham, 2002). The key findings from selected studies on consumers’ attitudes and preferences about organic foods are summarized in Table 4. Most of these studies concluded that consumers purchase organic foods because of a perception that such products are safer, healthier, and more environmental friendly than conventionally produced alternatives. Some studies reported health and food safety as the number one quality attribute considered by organic product buyers. Concern for the environment was less important compared to food safety and health concerns, suggesting that such consumers might rank private or personal benefits higher than the social benefits of organic agriculture. * CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR ORGANIC FOOD Consumer preference for organic food is based on a general perception that organic products have more desirable characteristics than conventionally grown alternatives. Apart from health, food safety and environmental considerations, several other product characteristics such as nutritive value, taste, freshness, appearance, color and other sensory characteristics influence consumer preferences (Bourn and Prescott, 2002). Studies that investigated the effect of organic quality attributes and other characteristics on consumer preferences include Jolly et al. , 1989; Hay, 1989; Ekelund, 1990; Jolly, 1991; Jolly and Norris, 1991; Sylvander, 1993; Buzby and Skees, 1994; Huang, 1996; Kyriakopoulos et al. 1997; Schifferstein and Oude-Ophuis, 1998; Akgungor et al. , 1997; Mahesh et al. , 1997; Land, 1998; Torjusen et al. , 1999; The Packer, 2001; Meatnews, 2001; Loureiro et al. , 2001; Aguirre, 2001; Demeritt, 2002; Wolf, 2002; and Cunningham, 2002. These studies differ in several respects, making comparisons across studies difficult. For example, there is inconsistency in defining the concept of quality. Thus, while some studies examined quality in terms of both sensory and nutritive characteristics, others differentiate sensory characteristics from nutritive attributes. Thus, different studies may have conveyed different notions of quality to the various survey respondents. In general, the empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that product quality characteristics affect consumers’ preferences for organic food; with the most important including nutritional value, economic value, freshness, flavor or taste, ripeness, and general appearance (especially of fruits and vegetables). Wolf (2002), for example, reported that respondents in California rated fresh-tasting and fresh-looking grapes as the most desirable attribute. Other North American surveys that ranked taste as the most important quality characteristic influencing consumer demand include The Packer (2002), Cunningham (2002), and Demerit (2002). The Packer (2002) reported that 87% of US respondents identified taste as the primary factor considered in the purchase of fresh produce. Cunningham (2002) also reported that 93% of Canadian respondents prefer food products with good taste. In contrast, studies for other parts of the world (e. g. , Jolly et al. , 1989; Buzby and Skees, 1994; Torjusen et al. 1999) reported that consumers ranked nutritional value and freshness higher than taste and other related quality characteristics. While most studies reviewed for North America tended to suggest that consumers rank taste and related sensory characteristics as more important than food safety and environmental concerns, studies in the other regions (such as the EU) tended to place health and food safety, and environmental concerns at the top of the pr eference ranking (see, for example, Sylvander, 1993; Shifferstein and Oude Ophuis, 1997; Akgungor et al. 1997; Aguirre, 2001; Sandalidou et al. , 2002). What seems clear, and consistent across studies, is that consumers in all regions tend to prefer locally grown organic produce, compared to shipments from other places. In addition, organic product purchase decisions tend to be influenced more by product quality and other inherent characteristics, than by price premium. On the other hand, several studies (e. g. , Sylverstone, 1993; Buzby and Skees, 1994; Davies et al. , 1995; Roddy et al. , 1996; Latacz-Lohman and Foster, 1997, Worner and Meier-Ploeger, 1999; Oystein et al. 2001; Demeritt, 2002; O’Donovan and McCarthy, 2002) reported that price premium, lack of knowledge and product availability were the major reasons preventing non-buyers from purchasing organic food. Demeritt (2002), for example, reported that the most important reason why US consumers did not purchase orga nic food was lack of knowledge or awareness. About 59% of those who did not purchase organic products indicated they never really considered organic, while 39% indicated that price was the main inhibiting factor. Another 16% reported they did not purchase organic foods because of limited availability. Davies et al. (1995) and O’Donovan and McCarthy (2002) also reported product availability and price as key inhibitors to consumers’ demand for organic foods in Ireland. According to Davis (1995), two-thirds of non-buyers of organic food in Ireland reported they would buy organic if it was easily available. By comparison, O’Donovan and McCarthy (2002) reported that among Irish respondents who did not purchase organic food, 43% indicated it was too expensive, 28% cited lack of availability, while 29% were just not interested. Challenges in Organic Food Industry Successful transition from niche to mainstream status The major challenge the organic food industry faces is the successful transition from niche to mainstream status. Although organic foods are becoming more visible in European food retailers, they have yet to acquire broad appeal with consumers. Organic foods are not considered to have mainstream status since a small amount of consumers account for the majority of purchases in most countries. For instance, consumer research shows that 61% of organic foods in the UK are purchased by 7% of consumers. In Denmark, 1% of consumers account for 80% of purchases. Although many consumers are now buying organic foods in European countries, a small consumer base is responsible for the bulk of purchases. This is responsible for slowing growth rates in countries like Denmark and the UK. Organic foods need to have broader consumer appeal if they are to take mainstream status in the food industry and the major challenge faced by many organic food companies is how to expand the loyal consumer base. Prevention of fraudulent business practices A number of cases have been reported in the last couple of years of non-organic food being labelled and sold as organic food. For instance, in May 2001 it was discovered that 20,000 tonnes of non-organic grain was imported and sold as organic grain to unsuspecting British organic farmers and producers. This is a major threat to the industry for consumers purchase organic foods because of the belief that it has been grown according to organic farming principles. The continuation of these fraudulent cases risks undermining consumer confidence in organic foods. Consumer demand for organic foods, especially imported products, could collapse if this type of fraud continues. Continuing political support required for industry development. There is growing pressure to reform the European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and changes are likely in the short term. There is a need for political representation of organic farming. Organic farming needs to be promoted at the ministerial level as a sustainable form of agriculture. The question is: who will take the lead with political change happening on a regular basis due to the growing trend of coalition governments? Protection of price premium Organic foods, because of their nature of production, have a price premium over conventional foods. This can range from 15% for organic milk to over 100% for some organic exotic fruit and specialty cheeses. There is growing pressure for organic food growers and producers to reduce production costs. This pressure comes from retailers, which attempt to narrow the price premium as low as possible in order to encourage consumer demand. The major barrier to product adoption in many countries consumers is the high price. The concern is that this pressure could translate into a compromise in organic standards and the method of production. For instance, organic farmers can be tempted to produce to the lowest standards of organic production in order to cut costs. This is likely to erode consumer confidence and promote divisions in the organic food industry on the lines of organic standards. Recommendations for organic food industry * Food safety, hygienic regulations and consumer protection †¢ Politicians and decision makers should promote the idea of mature and responsible producers and consumers with regard to food safety. Controls and liability for food safety should not be burdened only on the shoulders of governments and authorities. Citizens will relieve authorities by accepting responsibility too. †¢ The duty of governments and authorities will only be to function as controllers of private control services. †¢ Producers, processors, traders and consumers should hold regular meeting s on round tables and develop mutual confidence with the aim to accept together responsibility for food safety. †¢ Fair prices (no dumping prices) for high quality and healthy food are an important precondition to guarantee food safety. The practiced biodynamic farm model to produce a high percentage of the animal feedstuff directly on the farm and use mainly the own fertilizer is a very suitable one to ensure food safety. * Food quality †¢ Creation of consciousness that food quality means more than producing hygienic sound nutrition. †¢ Food quality must not be reduced only to chemical detectable contents. †¢ Conventional food quality analyses should be supplemented by other analytical methods that can detect vital force in foodstuffs. †¢ The production of superior food quality( that fulfils all quality aspects) should be promoted. Education in organic farming †¢ Promoting education of children in schools about organic food and agriculture. †¢ Est ablishing and funding of vocational education programs especially for organic Farming. †¢ Funding of practical studies and training in organic farming organizations. Reference * Website http://www. quicklogodesign. com/blog/ecopreneurship-entrepreneurs-and-ecology. * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sustainable_business * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Triple_bottom_line#Definition * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Principles_of_ecopreneurship * http://academic-papers. rg/ocs2/session/Papers/F6/216-2066-1-DR. doc * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Organic_food * http://www. just-food. com/analysis/european-organic-food-industry-challenges-future-outlook_id93636. aspx * http://demeter. net/brussels/di_eu_action_plan. pdf * http://www. greenprof. org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/The-Making-of-the-Ecopreneur. pdf http://www. ajofai. info/Abstract/Consumer%20knowledge%20and%20perception%20about%20organic%20food%20a%20challenge%20for%20consumer%20education%20on%20the%20benefits%20of%20goi ng%20organic. pdf

Prison makes bad people worse Essays

Prison makes bad people worse Essays Prison makes bad people worse Essay Prison makes bad people worse Essay In the UK the prisons have a maximum capacity of 80,000 inmates. At the end of April 2004 the number of people serving custodial sentences rose to above 82,000. The prisons in the UK are currently over capacity. Where are the extra 2000 inmates if there is no room for them? (Johnson 2004) For the purpose of this essay the statement that prison makes bad people worse is assumes to mean that serving a custodial sentence increases the likelihood of an offender re-offending. Before an attempt is made to examine the issue in questions a brief history of the prison system will be explored in an attempt to understand how prison has come to be the most serious method of punishment in the UK today. Prisons as mere places of confinement have existed for many years. Prisons as we know them today-places to which offenders are sent to receive punishment, there also to be worked on and changed-are a feature of modernity, a product of the industrial age. Since the abolition of the death penalty in 1965 imprisonment has been the most serious penalty the courts can impose in Britain. The punishment of imprisonment for sentenced prisoners might be both loss of liberty and harsh living conditions in the name of less eligibility or deterrence (Morgan, R 1997). Prior to the nineteenth century punishment for criminals was very different. The focus of punishment in these historic times was the body. Punishments were physical in nature with execution and torture being combined with public humiliation. Within just a few decades the brutal torture and public humiliations stopped. The body was no longer the major target for penal repression. Punishment ceased to be centred on torture as a technique of pain; it assumed as its principle object loss of wealth or rights. While this type of punishment apparently now focuses on the soul rather than the body it could be argued in many ways that imprisonment as a punishment does concern the body in a more indirect manner by rationing of food, sexual deprivation and solitary confinement . This trace of torture is enveloped increasingly, by the non-corporal nature of todays penal system (Foucault 1977). There are different arguments for the reason behind this shift from punishment in a physical manner to imprisonment. An orthodox approach argued that the reason for this was due to humanitarianism a (Portsmouth University 2003). nd reform, a more humane and civilized alternative to the brutality of earlier years Foucault (1977) argued that this was not the case; he believed that the reason for the changes was the defining of a new age, better punishment by operating not on bodies or fear but on the reform of offenders into the disciplined subject. Regardless of Foucaults argument the one factor that underpins punishment in the UK today is Human Rights. The 1998 Human Rights Act sets out a number of conventions which all people have a right to. The Prisons Inspectorate has developed the concept of a Healthy Prison which is based on the World Health Organisations four tests of what constitutes a healthy custodial environment which is based upon international human rights principles. These four tests are: that prisoners are held in safety; that they are treated with respect and dignity as human beings; that they are able to engage in purposeful activity; and that they are prepared for resettlement (Owers, A 2003). Punishment needs justification because it is something which is harmful, painful or unpleasant to the recipient. Prison causes physical discomfort, psychological pain, indignity and general unhappiness along with a number of social disadvantages which lead to offenders becoming socially excluded. There are a number of justifications or theories for punishment. Reductivism justifies punishment on the grounds that it helps to reduce the incidence of crime. It is claimed by supporters of this theory that if punishment is inflicted the incidence of crime will be less then if no punishment were imposed (Cavadino Dignan 1997) These arguments are supported by utilitarianism; a moral theory founded by Jeremy Bentham which stated that the greatest good was defined by the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Society as a whole is given greater weight than the individual (Abercrombie, Hill Turner 1988). Many theories of punishment come under the heading of Reductivism and are assumed to reduce the levels of crime. Deterrence is the idea that crime is reduced because of peoples fear of the punishment they may receive if they offend. Deterrence is divided into two categories, individual deterrence where an individual commits a crime and finds the punishment so unpleasant that the offence is not repeated fro the fear of the same happening again. General deterrence is when the punishment of a crime does not deter the offender who committed it but the crime is meant to put others off from committing the same crime. While it may seem common sense that this would be effective in reality this is not the case. Research has shown that punishment has other effects which out weigh any deterrence. The catching and imprisoning of offenders leads to them being labelled as criminals and this labelling process makes it difficult for them live law abiding lives. Their self image can change from a law abiding one to that of a deviant and this impacts on their behaviour (Cavadino Dignan 1997). It could be said with this evidence in mind that prison makes people worse. Rehabilitation theory is based on the notion that punishment can take a form which will improve an individuals character and behaviour and reduce the likelihood of them re-offending. The main aim of the probation service is the rehabilitation of offenders and the central aim of the prison system is the treatment and training of offenders (Portsmouth University 2003). One of prisons main priorities to assist in the rehabilitation of offenders is the provision of accredited offending behaviour programmes for prisoners which are based on evidence-based practice. Home Office research found no evidence between re-conviction rates for prisoners who had participated in programmes. The study suggested that there has been a shift in programme targeting to low risk offenders who are not suitable for the cognitive-behavioural approaches used. A report by the Social Exclusion Unit demonstrates that any positive effects that come from the offending programmes are far outweighed by the damage that the overall prison experience inflicts (Solomon, E, 2003). Another important point to note about rehabilitation in prison is that offenders who are serving short sentences do not get access to these programmes and it is these offenders who are more likely to get caught in the revolving door of the Criminal Justice System. This evidence does not directly indicate that prison makes bad people worse but neither does it demonstrate that prison can reform bad people. The theory of incapacitation does not centre on the idea that changing the behaviour of the offender will reduce crime but the notion of public protection. Whilst the offender is incarcerated he or she will not be able to commit further crime and this in turn will reduce crime. Along with this is the notion that the members of the public will feel safer knowing that they will not fall victim to a perpetrator who is locked up (Ainsworth 2000). James Q Wilson (1975) stated that a twenty percent reduction in street robbery could be achieved by locking up offenders for longer (Cavadino Dignan 1997). In reality this would result in a massive increase in prison numbers which due to the fact that prisons are already full would be impossible. With retribution theory punishment is an attempt by the victim and society to redress the balance between offenders and offended by seeing that the perpetrator is punished and suffers accordingly. This knowledge that the culprit is suffering may make victims feel that they have had their pound of flesh (Ainsworth 2000). Retribution theory is the opposite of reductionism. Where reductionism looks forward at the effects of punishment retribution looks back at the offence and believes that in some way two wrongs will make a right. In many cases retribution and reductionism are combined in a compromise situation and punishment is justified if it is both deserved by the offender and likely to act as a deterrent (Cavadino Dignan 1997). The justifications for punishment are wide and there are many more than are noted here. Regardless of the justification for sending a person to prison the important factor to be considered is the impact that a custodial sentence has on an individual prisoner. When talking about deterrence as a justification for prison, labelling theory was explored as a possibility for making prisoners more likely to re-offend due to them trying to fit into a role. Expanding this further is the idea of conformity, where an individual conforms to social rules or assumes a role because it is the norm. Social roles are built on a polarity such as powerful and powerless. These kinds of roles exist in the prison setting with the inmates being powerless and the prison officers powerful. An important question that needs to be examined is how easy it is for people to assume a role. A key study was carried out in 1973 by Psychologist Zimbardo which investigated this. Volunteers were recruited to take part in a two week study on prison life. 25 men took part in the study; each person was assigned the role of either prisoner or guard. These roles were assigned by the toss of a coin so that each participant had an equal chance of being prisoner or guard. The mock prison was in the basement of Stanford University. The results of the study were shocking. The prisoners were increasingly passive and dependant as the days went by and the guards became increasingly aggressive. One prisoner had to be release just 36 hours after the study began because of uncontrollable crying and fits of rage along with disorganised thinking and severe depression. Three more prisoners were released on successive days with similar symptoms. A fifth prisoner was released when he developed a rash over his whole body following his parole being rejected. The experiment, which was meant to run for two weeks, had to be stopped after 6 days because of the pathological reactions of the prisoners who had originally been selected for their normality. Throughout the experiment social power was the major dimension. All the guards at some point behaved in abusive, authoritarian way and appeared to enjoy the power and control (Gross 1996). Zimbardo argued that the abnormal behaviour demonstrated is best viewed as a product of transactions within an environment that supports such behaviour. The participants were labelled and put in a situation where these labels became valid and elicit pathological behaviour (Portsmouth University 2003). The main concern with the results of the Zimbardo experiment is the implications that it has for the prison system. Zimbardo believes that the current prison system is guaranteed to generate severe enough pathological reactions is prisoners and guards to debase their humanity, lower their feelings of self-worth and make it difficult for them to be part of society outside of prison (Portsmouth University 2003). This evidence is a clear demonstration of how labelling and conformity theories are evidence for prison making bad people worse. The inmates assume the role expected of them and find it difficult to leave this role when they are released. The work of Zimbardo leads neatly to a sociological idea of a prison subculture or a inmate code. This theory is demonstrated throughout prisons regardless of the justification for punishment. Prison is a society within a society with distinctive structure, aims, values and practices separate from the wider society. The inmate code is something which all prisoners adhere to. The is code includes not informing on other prisoners, not fraternising with staff, a need to be tough and resist exploitation and a need to maintain ones position in the prison pecking order. Violations of these roles are often controlled via bullying (Ireland 2002). This prisonisation process does not help with rehabilitation but acts as a breeding ground which provides reinforcement for criminal behaviour. The inmates become socialized into the way of life which demands opposition to authority and the formal system represented by the prison staff. Any attempts at reform are neutralized by this. According to Sykes (1958) this inmate code is developed to help inmates cope with the pain and deprivation of imprisonment. There is much evidence about the sociology of prison and about the current penal crisis which concerns overcrowding as one of the main factors. The fact of the matter is that prison has a poor record in reducing re-offending 59% of prisoners are reconvicted within 2 years of release. The reconviction rate for male young adults (under 21) over the same period is 74%. For prisoners who are sentenced for burglary, one of the most common offences, the reconviction rate is 75%. It has been concluded by research from the Social Exclusion Unit that re-offending by ex-prisoners costs society at least i 11 billion each year. Ex -prisoners are responsible for approximately one in five recorded crimes (Solomon, E, 2003). This is not direct evidence to suggest that the reason these people have re-offended is because they have served a custodial sentence which has made them worse. The evidence merely raises questions about the use of prison as a punishment for some offences. Prison is the right place for many criminals but the wrong place for others. Those convicted of violent crimes should be given custodial sentences. Prison has an important role to play in protecting the public from those who cause harm and punishing crimes that society takes most seriously. It is also right that there are many offenders who should not be taken into custody when they could be dealt with appropriately in the community. Community penalties allow offender to repay their debt to society rather than warehousing them in prison.

A Rationale for Integrating Arts in Education Essay

A Rationale for Integrating Arts in Education - Essay Example What makes this approach simultaneously traditional and revolutionary in nature is that it proposes a wider sense of self-development and expression of being in human nature and the conception of self than is traditionally permitted in institutions focused on discipline and social control of large and diverse masses of students who must be managed efficiently and coerced into behavioral patterns. The possibility exists that the â€Å"discipline and punish† mentality operating overtly and subtly in academic institutions publicly and privately may be more related to social hierarchies, engrained power structures, systems of status, and the needs of capitalist production facilities than a genuine valuing of the human being as a unique and free individual, as the work of the French Philosopher Michel Foucault suggested. If in recognizing this deeply engrained structural bias, educators feel the need for systemic reform in education institutions, one possible methodology to impleme nt on a theoretical basis in managing educational institutions is an Integrated Arts approach. This methodology relates also to extensive research in Humanistic and Integral psychology, which additionally posit a fundamental paradigm change in education that represents a broader and multi-dimensional conception of the human being and the respect for the essential freedom of human life found in Natural Law and Human Rights theories. Critical to the success of the Integral Arts approach is the cultivation of creativity in all aspects of life, problem solving, learning, and self-development. Encouraging Learning Styles and Multiple Perspectives Public institutions in a democratic and egalitarian society should be tasked with protecting the interests of all of society’s members equally. In education, this should fundamentally apply to serving the needs of all students equally. It can be further argued that the ranking, grading, evaluation of students, and distribution of grades o perates on a standardized model that contains both cultural biases and discrimination against students who have different learning styles or forms of self-expression. Integrated Arts methodologies in education management can theoretically eradicate these engrained structural biases by eliminating or changing the way students are tested, â€Å"valued†, promoted, etc. As Gallas (1991) wrote in â€Å"Arts as epistemology: Enabling children to know what they know,† â€Å"they [the students} will show you what they know and how they learn best, and often that is not the teachers way.† (Gallas, 1991) In forcing the students to conform on a fundamental level to the authority and rules of the class, a type of bias in education may arise that teachers and educators should address through education theory. An Integral Arts approach is designed to address this bias by de-emphasizing the authority structures that are presented in traditional models of classroom

Library Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Library Research - Essay Example Students find it imperative to find information that is scholarly as well as peer-reviewed like the journal articles. In addition, there are other sources of information which are non-reviewed such as Wikipedia that might be helpful for background, although these sources contain information which frequently lack depth and may exhibit a lot of errors (Jay, 1983). Nonetheless, the North Central Library contains extensive holdings in any field, and with the assistance of the librarians, students are capable of finding any information they require. The Activity Resources found in this library contains information literary which helps the students in familiarizing themselves with information literacy, while at the same time testing their information literacy skills. Apart from that, the searching library provides a wealth of databases, which is helpful when looking for scholarly information, as well as tutorials on the usage of these databases. The library also provides a chance for stude nts to develop into experts in particular areas. On the other hand, library can also help students’ exhibit expertise through a certain projects. This can be in regardless of whether the student is going into the program and having an interest in a particular

Notes on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Notes on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Though the novel is entitled The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the story is told by Huck, the key character in the novel is Jim The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has two key characters, one is the slave Jim, the other; the protagonist Huck. Jim and Huck could each be considered the key characters for different reasons, Jim as he is the main representative of the typical slave (slavery being the most important theme of this novel) and Huck for he is the main storyteller. Jim is an important character in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and without him the novel would be ineffectual. However The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about the adventures of the protagonist Huck, and it is more likely that the key character of this novel is Huck because we see everything from his view. In a novel which is written as a satiric social comment upon the southern states of America Jims role as the manifestation of slavery must be a key one. Incidents in which Jim interacts with other characters and their reactions to him are meant to symbolise the wider societys opinions on slaves and the practice of slavery. Jim, is a heroic figure in a book whose main characters consist of liars, cheats and scoundrels. Jim always does the right thing if he can, he always feels empathy for others even if those people show no such emotions for him. The incident at the end of the novel when he saves Tom and risks what he believes to be his own freedom is a case in point. We empathise with Jim because even though other characters suggest that his feelings are least important, whose life is lesser, whose existence is trivial, he manages to stay cheerful, and even kind to those who treat him in this manner. This quality makes him even more heroic, for he is a figure who turns the other cheek, and is kind to others no matter what. Jim doesnt lie or cheat, or steal or gamble and looks down on these activities. Jim is never bitter, he never complains, and never expects Huck to return or even notice what he does for him. However this is no to say that Huck is not heroic himself, his support for Jim, a black man, who Huck has been taught is inferior and as important as a pack horse is astounding, and displays that Huck is strong enough and heroic enough to make the harder choice and choose his heart over his conscience. An example of Huck choosing his heart occurs just after Jim has been sold by the King and the Duke for forty dollars, Huck believes he has been forced to make a choice between Jim and heaven. He chooses Jim with the words All right then, Ill go to hell. It is Jims escape and the subsequent threat of his re-capture that provides the reason for himself and Huck to leave the island and travel down the river where most of their adventures occur. Without Jim Twain would lack a reason for Huck to travel down the river and experience what he experiences, without Jim this would be little more than a story about a boy who fakes his own death, and then lives on an island. Add to this the fact that Jim is the leader during the travel down the river. He is the one who knows all the signs of weather, either good or bad, it is he who makes their journey its success and ensures their lives. Jim is the maturest out of himself and Huck. Hucks immaturity is shown when he puts the rattlesnake in Jims sleeping bag, or when he plays a trick on Jim during the fog. Jims maturity is displayed by his reaction to the incident when Huck plays a trick on him during the fog. Without Jim the novel would be innefectual because Hucks development would be stunted without him. One prime example of Jims importance occurs when Huck comes closer to fully realising that Jim is a real person too and the colour of his skin does not diminish his humanity. Huck has realised that Jim is a human and that he should not play tricks on him or regard him as stupid, around the end of the novel Huck says I knowed he was white inside, Huck is expresing his realisation that Jim is a human in the only way he knows through making Jim white. Hucks realisation is well brought across to us just after he has hidden in the fog, and returned to Jim, Jim works out that Huck is trying to trick him and reacts very badly to Hucks prank. Huck then says. it was fifteen minutes before I could work myself to humble to a nigger- but I done it, and I warnt ever sorry for it afterwards, neither. I didnt do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldnt done that one if Id knowed it would make him feel that way. Huck and Jim have a symbiotic relationship, they need each other Huck needs Jim to remain dynamic and keep our attention, and Jim needs Huck to justify his presence in the novel. Jims effect on Huck is huge it is through Jim that Huck begins to learn about how the colour of skin does not alter the person inside. An example of this occurs when Huck says and I do believe he cared just as much for his people as white folks does for theirn . Huck justifies Jims existence as a character of substance in this novel, for through helping Huck and caring for him, Jim is makes an impact on the reader, and hence makes his position in the novel as one of its main characters more tenable. However while it is obviously true that Jim teaches Huck he is not Hucks only teacher, several other characters such as Pap and Tom also teach Huck valuable lessons. One example of Huck being taught by someone other than Jim occurs when Huck says If I never learnt nothin else out of pap, I learnt that the best way to get along with his kind of people is to let them have their own way. It is through Huck and his reactions to various events that Twain passes on his opinions to the reader. Huck is a character through which the author, in Twain puts across his point of view, for example Hucks realisation that Jim is also a human and also important. Twain is trying to get this message across to the public. Huck is a representation of the common person at the beginning of the novel. He is white, uneducated, simple, and not willing to think about what he is told just willing to accept it. Hucks realisations about right and wrong, and importantly his own ability to determine this for himself are drawn out and argued logically inside a story which will hold the readers attention. Through Huck Twain frames all the key issues of freedom, racism and slavery, personal integrity and social rebellion against social attitudes of the period. This occurs when Huck interacts with key characters who are representative of a theme or an idea being presented by Twain. For example his interaction with Tom who represents conventional social attitudes, as the novel progresses Huck is less inclined to accept what Tom says or does as correct. One example of this occurs when Huck quits Tom Sawyers band of thieves, he no longer agrees with Tom, and many of Toms imagined incidents such as that of rading the summer school picnic no longer hold any credence with Huck. This moving away from Tom and what he represents, is an indication of Twains rejection of conventional social values. Jim is the symbolic representation of only one of these points of discussion, slavery. Jim is only a part of that whole because he represents only one of the themes that Twain is discussing in this novel. Unlike Huck, Jim is not the one who reveals the authors opinions through his actions and reactions he is merely representative of one of these ideas. Without Hucks presence the novel lacks a unifying element. Jim is unable to fill the void in this regard as he is a relatively static character who does not change. This is unlike the dynamic Huck who changes some of his opinions and learns about many things ranging from serious issues such as slavery to simpler things such as to how to discern what the weather will be. The most important factor that leads me to argue that Huck is the protagonist comes from the fact that the whole novel is told in first person. It is Hucks views not Jims that we get, it is his outlook that colours our opinion, and most importantly his vernacular we read. In fact Jim himself is seen through Hucks eyes, with Hucks opinion colouring our own. Huck is omnipresent, this is not so with Jim he continuously disappears when it does not serve Twain to have him in the episode. Debates inside Hucks mind, the incident when Huck plays a trick on Jim during the fog, and even the whole Shepardson, Grangerford incident are lacking the presence of Jim. When Huck meets the Shepardsons and the Grangerfords, for example Jim magically disappears into the bushes to repair the raft. Huck is in every moment of the novel, and other characters are merely there because they interact with Huck, Jim is no exception. Jim is an extremely important character in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Jim represents slavery the major theme of the novel, is forgiving, and kind, however this makes him a heroic character, not the key character. Huck on the other hand is the key character by virtue of his predominance throughout the book, he is on every page, and every line and unlike Jim he is the character who reveals and in effect discusses issues through his reactions, action and interaction with other characters. Hence it is fair and logical to conclude that although important Jim is not the key character of the novel, that honour must go to Huck.